Civil Engineers Rely on Tripods and Compasses

Land surveying is a critical component of the construction, mapping, and engineering industries. It involves the precise measurement and mapping of the earth's surface to determine boundaries, contours, and features of a specific area. Today, we will delve into the significance of using a compass for land surveying, along with the benefits of employing a tall survey tripod. These two tools are essential for ensuring accuracy and efficiency in land surveying projects.

Compass for Land Surveying

A compass is an indispensable instrument used by surveyors to measure horizontal angles and determine directions between points on the earth's surface. The compass for land surveying is designed with accuracy, precision, and durability in mind. Its key components include a graduated circle, needle, and sights. The graduated circle is marked with degrees, allowing surveyors to measure angles, while the needle and sights enable them to establish directions.

There are various types of compasses used in land surveying, with the most common being the prismatic compass and the surveyor's compass. The prismatic compass has a prism mounted on it, enabling surveyors to read angles directly, whereas the surveyor's compass is designed to measure angles by sighting objects through its vanes. A reliable source for high-quality surveyor's compasses is the Warren Knight Company, which offers a range of compasses suitable for different land surveying needs.

Tall Survey Tripod

A tall survey tripod is another essential tool in land surveying. It provides a stable platform for mounting surveying instruments, ensuring accurate measurements and minimizing errors. The height of a tall survey tripod allows surveyors to work on various terrains, while its sturdy construction ensures stability and longevity. Some key features of a tall survey tripod include:

1. Adjustable height: A tall survey tripod can be easily adjusted to different heights, allowing surveyors to customize it according to their needs and the specific requirements of a project.

2. Lightweight construction: Modern tall survey tripods are made from lightweight materials, such as aluminum or carbon fiber, making them easy to transport and maneuver in the field.

3. Stability and durability: A high-quality survey tripod offers stability and durability, ensuring that your surveying instruments remain level and steady even in challenging environments.

4. Easy setup and disassembly: The best survey tripods are designed for quick and easy setup and disassembly, allowing surveyors to save time and effort in the field.

The Warren Knight Company offers a range of lightweight surveying tripods that cater to various land surveying requirements. These tripods are designed for stability, durability, and easy transportation, making them a top choice for surveying professionals.

Conclusion

A compass for land surveying and a tall survey tripod are two indispensable tools in the world of land surveying. These instruments enable surveyors to measure horizontal angles, determine directions, and ensure the stability of their equipment. Need a trusted provider of repair services for surveying equipment? Warren Knight repairs, calibrates most of the measuring instruments used for land surveying too.

Incorporating the right tools, such as a reliable compass and a tall survey tripod, is crucial for achieving accurate and efficient land surveying results. By investing in these essential instruments, surveyors can ensure the success of their projects and contribute to the progress of the construction, mapping, and engineering industries.

Optical Instruments Used By Surveyors Need Calibration

For civil engineers, land contractors, and surveyors, precision and accuracy are of the utmost importance. A small margin of error in measurements can lead to significant deviations in the final outcome of a project, potentially causing delays, additional costs, or even structural failures. To maintain the highest levels of precision and accuracy, professionals in these fields need to rely on well-maintained and calibrated optical instruments and measuring tools. This is where expert repair services come into play, ensuring that these critical tools are always in peak condition and ready for the task at hand.

A Trusted Name in Optical Instrument and Land Surveying Tool Repairs

Since 1968, Warren Knight has been a trusted name in the world of precision measuring instruments and surveying equipment, offering a wide range of products and services to cater to the diverse needs of civil engineers, land contractors, and surveyors. One of their key offerings includes expert repair services for optical instruments and measuring tools for land surveying.

Warren Knight's commitment to delivering high-quality services is evident in their well equipped facilities, which includes a skilled team of experienced technicians who are well-versed in repairing, calibrating, and maintaining a wide array of surveying equipment and optical instruments. These technicians undergo continuous training to stay current with the latest technologies and advancements in the field, ensuring that they provide the best possible service to their clients.

Comprehensive Repair Services: Ensuring Your Equipment Stays in Top Condition

Warren Knight's comprehensive repair services cater to a wide range of optical instruments and land surveying measuring tools, including:

1. Theodolites: These essential surveying instruments measure horizontal and vertical angles with great precision. Warren Knight's expert technicians can diagnose and resolve any issues related to mechanical or electronic components, ensuring that your theodolite and custom telescopesremain accurate and reliable.

2. Total Stations: Combining the functions of a theodolite and an electronic distance meter, total stations are versatile and powerful tools for land surveying. Warren Knight's repair services cover everything from software updates to hardware repairs, ensuring that your total station remains in optimal condition.

3. Automatic Levels: These self-leveling instruments are vital for determining height differences and establishing elevations. Warren Knight's technicians can handle everything from routine maintenance to complex repairs, ensuring that your incline measurement tools remain accurate and dependable.

4. GPS/GNSS Receivers: Global positioning systems and global navigation satellite systems are critical for modern land surveying. Warren Knight's repair services cover a wide range of GPS/GNSS equipment like a pilot balloon tracking system, ensuring that these crucial tools are always ready for use.

5. Laser Scanners and Laser Levels: These cutting-edge tools provide unparalleled precision and speed in data collection and measurements. Warren Knight's technicians have the expertise to diagnose and repair any issues related to these advanced instruments, ensuring that your laser scanner or laser level remains in top working condition.

In addition to these repair services, Warren Knight also provides NIST traceable calibration services to ensure that your equipment is always operating within the required tolerances, guaranteeing the highest possible accuracy and precision.

Conclusion

In the realm of civil engineering, land contracting, and surveying, precision and accuracy are crucial; trust Warren Knight's expert repair services to keep your optical instruments and measuring instruments for land surveying in prime condition, backed by skilled technicians, advanced facilities, and unwavering dedication to excellence.

Surveyors Need the Right Tools to Do their Jobs

Surveyors are professionals who measure and map land, airspace, and bodies of water. They play an essential role in construction, engineering, and land development projects, providing crucial information for planning, design, and execution. To perform their jobs effectively and accurately, surveyors need the right tools. Below are some essential equipment for surveyors, including the theodolite, a critical instrument for measuring angles and distances. 

The Importance of surveyor equipment

Surveying requires precise measurements and accurate data collection. To achieve this, surveyors need specialized equipment designed for specific tasks. Surveyor equipment includes a range of instruments such as theodolites, total stations, GPS receivers, laser scanners, and drones today. Each instrument has a specific purpose and is used for different tasks, depending on the surveying requirements. 

A theodolite is an example of a critical instrument surveyors use. It is a precision optical instrument that measures horizontal and vertical angles. It measures angles between points, such as the area between two reference points or between a reference point and a target. Theodolites come in various sizes, depending on their precision level and the required measurements' required accuracy. When looking at theodolites for sale, make sure you test the equipment within 30 days. Accuracy is crucial.

Theodolites and Trig Pillars

Trig pillars, also known as triangulation stations, are concrete pillars that serve as reference points for surveyors. They were used extensively during the 20th century and were crucial in creating accurate maps of the UK. The theodolite played a critical role in measuring the angles between these trig pillars, which were then used to calculate distances and create maps. 

Inclinometers

Inclinometers are instruments used to measure the slope or inclination of a surface. They are often used in geotechnical surveys to measure the angle of soil layers or rock formations. 

Theodolites and GPS

While theodolites are still used for many surveying tasks, GPS devices have become an essential tool for surveyors in recent years. GPS receivers provide accurate location data, allowing surveyors to map locations and track changes over time. A telescopic alidade connected to a drone is useful for large-scale nautical surveys and projects that cover extensive areas. However, GPS receivers have limitations in urban areas or locations with obstructions, such as buildings or trees. Theodolites or other instruments may be required to achieve accurate measurements in these situations. 

Levels

A level is an instrument used to measure the height of points relative to a known point or reference plane. Levels are used to create level or sloping reference lines for construction projects and are often used in conjunction with theodolites and total stations. 

Laser Scanners

Laser scanners use laser technology to measure distances and create highly detailed 3D models of terrain or structures. Laser scanners are commonly used in large-scale mapping and engineering projects. In some cases, a digital compass inclinometer is coupled with a laser scanner when slope measurements are present. Some surveyors prefer bubble inclinometers for smaller landscapes.

Drones

Drones equipped with cameras or laser scanners can be used to survey large areas quickly and efficiently. Drones are particularly useful for surveying difficult-to-reach areas such as steep slopes or inaccessible terrain. 

The Importance of Choosing the Right Equipment

Choosing the right equipment is essential for surveyors to perform their jobs effectively and efficiently. The equipment must be accurate, reliable, and appropriate for the specific task. The selection of equipment will depend on several factors, including the size and scope of the project, the terrain, and the level of precision required. 

It is essential to consider the capabilities and limitations of the equipment when selecting the right tools for a project. For example, a theodolite may be ideal for measuring angles and distances in open areas but may not be suitable for use in confined spaces or areas with obstructions. Similarly, GPS receivers may provide accurate data in large open areas but may have limitations in urban environments.

Customized Optical Tools for Military and Industry

The accuracy of custom telescopes, incline measurement tools, precision measuring instruments, and alignment systems can mean life or death in military applications. Poor equipment can translate to the failure of specific systems or whole operations in an industrial setting.

This is why partnering with a reputable manufacturer of optical instruments is crucial. Whether acquiring off-the-shelf tools or ordering custom-built equipment based on your designs.

What To Look For When Partnering With Manufacturer of Alignment and Precision Measuring Tools

If you need top-quality custom telescopes, laser alignment instruments, and other optical alignment tools, you must ensure you only contract with a reputable firm. Here are some things to look for in optical instrument manufacturers:

1. Good Track Record

The art of designing and manufacturing precision instruments are not perfected overnight. It takes years of research and development, investing in advanced manufacturing equipment , retaining talented craftsmen, and working with  customers that demand only the best.

Do your due diligence and find out about the capabilities of your prospective manufacturer. Ask about previous clients they served and what instruments they produced for them.

1. Ability To Customize Equipment

Precision measurement tools and alignment systems are not a one-size-fits-all affair. Your needs might be unique from the rest of the market. If this is the scenario, you need a reliable partner that can build custom optical equipment. 

Check if they have the right equipment in-house to build custom alignment tools or measuring instruments for your specific needs. Talk about how you expect your needs to evolve and see if they have a good network of partners or suppliers to help meet your demands.

1. Aftersales

Manufacturing equipment for you is not enough. You have to partner with a company that can guarantee that they will be there in case there are issues in the future, for example, if the need to repair optical tools arises. Can they can perform NIST traceable calibration for you? Will they have a supply of parts in inventory? 

You need to ensure that you will have a direct line to their team in case you have questions about technology, features, and functions, among others. 

Common Optical Tooling Equipment 

Below are some of the most in-demand measurement and optical alignment tools today:

• Video pieces and Custom Adapters

• Eyepieces for Collimation Telescopes

• Precision Auto Levels

• Alignment Telescopes

• Micrometer Alignment Scopes

• Magnetic Scale Holder

• Magnetic Mirrors

• Target Centering Kit

• Telescope Mount

What Can Warren Knight Instrument Do For You?

Warren Knight Instrument has a team of experts in laser, electronic, and optical alignment systems. The company has a long history of working with government agencies and private companies that need surveying equipment and distance-measuring tools for various industrial, scientific, and military applications.

Warren Knight has a wide array of product offerings that have expanded since 1908. The company does not rest on its laurels. It strives to meet and exceed its client's needs and expectations - whether for readily available equipment or instruments that need to be customized.

Surveying Equipment: Tools of the Trade

Surveying is the science of taking accurate measurements of Earth’s surfaces — including distances, angles, and elevations. It’s essential in planning and executing different construction projects, determining land boundaries, and creating maps. From survey tripods to compasses, surveyors utilize various instruments to carry out their tasks.

Here are some of the most common tools of the trade.

Surveyor Compasses

Most people know the compass as a tool for navigation. A surveyors compass is also important in identifying distances between two points and taking horizontal angle measurements. These measurements are taken relative to the magnetic north. The data that a compass will gather is utilized when building a structure like a home or barn.

Clinometers

Surveyors use clinometers to determine the angle of a slope. With it, you can determine the elevation or depression of an object with respect to the direction of gravity. You can use it to measure the height of poles, trees, and even buildings. The different types of clinometers include pendulum clinometers, optical clinometers, and drum clinometers.

Chains And Tapes

These are the basic tools for taking small- and large-scale distances. You can use pocket tapes to measure small distances, measuring wheels for longer ones. Chains and tapes are made of various materials, depending on their purpose. For instance, nylon-coated tapes are designed to measure distances amid harsh weather conditions.

Theodolites

If you need to measure angles in horizontal and vertical planes, you’ll need a theodolite. It’s one of the oldest yet most important a surveying instruments for sale. Even without tapes, you can calculate distances using this tool. As theodolites are bulky, you will need to rely on transits for certain applications.

Levels

A transit level helps surveyors find the true horizontal line and take angles of inclination. Auto levels are more economical versions of transit levels. Both can perform various tasks apart from angle-taking. For instance, if you use a transit level with a calibration rod, you can determine the seconds of inclination relative to a true horizontal line.

Total Stations

Surveying tools have become more sophisticated over time. Total stations have a theodolite to calculate angles in horizontal and vertical planes. But they also have an electronic distance meter and data collection and storage system that allows users to store accurate readings.

Surveyor Tripods

Some tools of the trade are handheld devices. But if you need the instrument to be stable, you have to mount them on a tripod. Survey tripods aid in taking stable readings. Some tripods are made of wood, while light weight tripods use a composite material. The latter is more resistant to moisture changes, while the former reduces vibrations.

Magnetic Locators

You’ll need special equipment to determine the location of ferrous materials like steel pipes, utility covers, and underground tanks. You can count on magnetic locators to help you accurately and efficiently do this task.

Safety Gear

Apart from surveying instruments that aim to take measurements, surveyors need safety gear to protect themselves from various elements. Their safety arsenal typically includes headwear, high-visibility gear, thermal jackets, and utility vests.

Forestry, Navigators & Surveyors Tools

Foresters, navigators, and surveyors rely on different tools to perform their tasks (e.g., measuring land features, angles, and distances). These tools must be precise and accurate primarily to obtain correct data on the land concerned. 

They provide the essential information professionals need to interpret the data, arrive at sound decisions and make professional opinions that best serve their client's interests. 

Accuracy refers to how close the measurement taken is to the actual value. Precision, on the other hand, is about how close multiple measurements are to each other. Forestry, navigating, and surveying tools need to ensure both. 

You can do so by buying or renting your devices from reputable suppliers. You must also subject them to periodic calibrating and repair services for surveying equipment to address the issues with accuracy and precision.  Looking for a surveyors tripod for sale? Consider Warren Knight’s Surveying products.

Common Forestry, Navigators, And Surveyors Tools

If you’re working in the field of forestry and surveying, here are some of the tools that should be kept accurate and precise. 

Compass. A compass measures the horizontal angles and bearing of a line of sight. Foresters use a compass, often a lightweight device with a rectangular baseplate and a graduated dial, to obtaining bearings from a map, giving directions, reporting the location of a forest fire, and laying out timber sale boundaries or roads.. 

Clinometer. Also called an inclinometer, a  clinometer forestry is used for measuring ground slopes. A clinometer in forestry is a tool that can be used to calculate the height of trees. 

Densiometers. Forestry employees use this type of handheld device to gauge the spaces between trees. This is essential in estimating and studying the density of a forest — or any other area with trees. 

Global Positioning Systems (GPS). People use GPS devices to identify a location. In forestry, a handheld GPS device can also be utilized to create detailed maps of an area. 

Increment borers. Foresters are also involved in knowing various wood properties and tree-related data, including age and growth rate. They rely on an increment borer to do just that. Because they only need to remove a portion of wood or tree, they will only leave minimal damage. 

Soil probes and test kits. Apart from identifying wood properties, foresters also have to study soil. They need soil samplers to collect soil from the ground and study different elements and minerals present in the soil. 

Measuring chains and tapes. Professionals use rulers, tapes, laser devices, and scanners to measure distances and angles. 

Precision levels. Precision box levels are used to adjust and check vertical and horizontal surfaces and shafts. Meanwhile, Abney levels measure the angle of inclination of a line from the observer to another point.. 

Sextants. A vintage brass sextant is an essential tool for navigation. It measures the angle between a visible object and the actual horizon. Sailors in the past used it to determine their ship's location at sea. 

Magnetic locators. These are used to locate objects (for example, underground tanks and pipes) that foresters and surveyors won’t easily identify with regular tools. 

Levels Used To Calibrate Instruments

Effective instrument calibration is vital for the accuracy and reliability of many an engineer’s work. From surveyors to construction engineers, many use quality precision levels to ensure that construction projects can be safely carried out. 

There are various types of levels that can be used to measure angles. Some levels enable teams to calibrate more complex instruments. Here, we’re going to look at some of the precision levels available and how they help engineers complete their tasks.

Digital Angle Finder

Digital angle finders, also known as digital protectors, serve as useful precision levels that can assist with a wide range of tasks. A digital angle finder provides immediate access to a range of vital readings on its digital display. As soon as it’s placed on a surface, it will read the level, angle, and tilt by making use of a rugged electronic sensor, custom circuitry and a liquid crystal display. This makes it relatively easy to use, with a highly visible digital display that eliminates the need for a bubble or vernier scale. It’s battery-powered too, so it’s suitable for use without the need for a direct power source.

Telemetric Alignment System

AN Inclination Measuring System is often built for military armaments. Used in combat system leveling, a telemetric alignment system is often used to calibrate a radar pad’s alignment, and angle differential measurement for big guns. The WK Inclination Measuring System can help quickly and easily measure the differential angles between two or more planes. With sensors that are accurate within ± 10 arc seconds, encased in a reliable aluminum housing, this system also includes two ports for connecting sensor heads as well as a port for connecting to an external power supply or connecting a computer for data storage. Telemetric alignment systems can come with universal power supplies and therefore be used in all geographies.

Digital Protractor with a Clinometer

This type of digital protector provides many of the measurements of a digital angle finder but also makes use of an electronic clinometer. Like the digital angle finder, this protractor uses a digital display and can immediately display the level, angle, and tilt when it’s placed on a suitable service. However, the clinometer component is unique to this particular digital protractor with clino and includes a measuring instrument that is used to measure angles of slope, elevation, and depression of a given object in relation to the surrounding terrain or surface. 

Often, the clinometer component comes with a cable to connect it to the digital protractor. Usually, with a 9-volt battery is all that is required, making it more viable for use in a range of settings. Digital protractors can also come with a range of settings, including different degree resolutions.

There is a wide range of levels that are used to calibrate instruments in construction and engineering settings, including those mentioned above. Farmers often use traditional box bean levels when squaring corners and even those require calibration. Determining which levels are best suited for your instruments may require professional instrument calibration services if you don’t have the skills yourself.

Retro Survey Equipment for Land and Sea

Surveying is a field that dates back to ancient times. And over the years, the world has seen the emergence of various tools that aid surveyors in their work. These include the tried-and-true compass, tripod, and brass sextants.

Below we’ve listed some survey equipment that dates back years:

Surveying compass. Originally named "circumferentor," the surveyors compass allows surveyors to measure distances between two points. It also provides angle measurement, with the magnetic north as the reference.

Theodolite. This device has helped surveyors for many years to obtain vertical and horizontal angle measurements. It’s part of an equipment system that also includes a telescope, an objective lens, mirrors  and digital mechanisms have a readout screen. Today, digital theodolites are available for taking more accurate information.

Surveyors tripod. Tripods support surveying tools so that accurate and precise reading can be attained. Back in the day wooden surveyors tripods dominated the market. There are also those made of fiberglass dowels and cast aluminum hardware.

Nautical alidade. This marine instrument is used to measure an object’s angle and distance. It’s a sighting device that can be used for navigation, surveying, and even astronomy.

The Sextant. Sextants are designed to measure the angle of a celestial body with the horizon as the point of reference. It provides data to determine longitude and latitude.

Surveying Tools to Spruce Up Your Home

These instruments provide more than just technical functionalities. If you’re a surveyor or a nautical enthusiast living by the shore, you can incorporate your passions into your interior design to make your home uniquely yours.

Especially now that going retro is all the rave, it’s a great idea to put that vintage brass sextant or that analog theodolite on display.

Here are some tips on successfully using surveying equipment from the past to spruce up your house.

Create a focal point. To avoid making your space look cluttered with often-bulky retro instruments, first, you must establish a focal point — a huge map as wall art above your fireplace or a bookshelf containing all your surveying books would work.

Cluster things that go together. Do you own tools that you still use occasionally? Consider displaying them all together in one open shelving display. Do you have a collection of globes? Showcase one in the corner of your room.

Know that proportion and scale are key. It can be tempting to put all your retro tools on display. We recommend you don’t overwhelm the room with too many artifacts. To keep your room functional, follow the rules of proportion and scale. Create a sense of flow and throw in some neutral colors to balance out the other more eye-catching elements.

Light your space up. When decorating just about with measuring instruments for land surveying, lighting is something that you shouldn’t forget. Try installing vintage lamps to match the vibe — all while giving your space adequate light sources to keep it functional and safe.

Calibrating Your Survey Equipment or Buy New?

In construction, navigation, and beyond, surveying tools ensure the gathering of accurate distances and angles between two points. If not regularly and properly maintained, their accuracy can be affected. This is where instrument calibration services come in. 

Why Calibrate

Calibration brings the results of surveying tools back to an approved standard range. When it’s specifically calibrated to NIST guidelines, it means that it follows the measurement standards set by the NIST organization. NIST stands for National Institute of Standards and Technology, a government regulated entity that aims to boost industry innovation and industrial competitiveness. NIST is a physical sciences laboratory and non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce. 

Through NIST traceable calibration, you minimize instrument errors and prevent the use of unreliable data. These mistakes cannot only affect quality assurance but can also compromise safety. Businesses like Warren Knight in Philadelphia offer instrument calibration services that use NIST traceability as their calibration standards. 

When choosing a calibration partner, check if they calibrate the various instruments and tools you use. They shouldn’t just be an expert in calibration and in providing calibration certifications; their roster of offerings should include repair and servicing. 

All these services will help you prolong the usable life of your surveying and precision instruments. Unless your devices have been significantly damaged or an auditor determines that the gap in traceability is quite substantial, then calibrating them will also save you money in the long run. You don’t need to buy new tools unnecessarily. 

Other Ways You Can Maintain Your Survey Equipment

Just as it is important to buy the right tools and have the necessary knowledge to use them, you must also ensure that your surveying devices are properly maintained. One way maintaining your equipment is to rely on a high quality instrument calibration company. Apart from doing it at certain intervals, you must also bring it to the pros if your tool has been damaged by harsh elements or has been exposed to temperature fluctuations or mechanical/electrical shocks. 

Here are other ways you can maintain your equipment.

Use them properly. If you don’t use your devices the right way, they will be more prone to damage. Proper use also entails careful storage. You can invest in top-quality carrying cases to minimize impact, especially when transporting your surveying equipment. 

Always check site conditions. Sometimes, it won’t be your usage and handling that would damage your instruments — but the environment where you’re using them. For instance, when it’s raining, you shouldn’t let your device get submerged in water. 

Minimize attempts for DIY repairs. Many surveyors, especially those who are experienced, try to repair their devices on their own. If you’re not really sure or confident about it, never DIY. Apart from getting in touch with the manufacturer, you can rely on businesses that specialize in fixing all sorts of issues with surveying tools. 

Get them serviced. First off, you need to tap experts to inspect and identify if repairs are needed for your devices to function well. Preferably this vendor also has repair services for optical instruments. Regular servicing can help you fine-tune your equipment and prevent issues from developing. This way, you can prolong their lifespan, ensure getting accurate data, and protect the underlying financial investment for your arsenal.

Precision Measurements In Surveying, Navigation, Topography

How do you measure the slope of a hill? Or the height of an object, such as the trees in a park? Getting these figures requires more than a regular ruler or tape measure. And this is where precision inclinometers come in handy. 

Also called clinometers, these are devices designed to measure angles of slope or tilt in degrees, minutes, seconds, or percentages with respect to gravity. The manual inclinometer system primarily consists of a probe, cable reel, a mobile readout unit, and a host of accessories, such as cable reel batteries and mobile chargers. 

For decades now, they've been used by surveyors, engineers, and geologists to create accurate land assessments and topographical maps. They are also used for navigation and instrument calibration. 

Inclinometers made by a trusted manufacturer of precision alignment equipment can also be used for safety applications. For instance, this measuring device allows city planners to build an appropriate runoff for sidewalks and streets. Engineers can study bridges and dams and determine their soundness over time. 

Skiers and hikers can also rely on clinometers to measure the angles of snow-covered slopes and evaluate the risk for avalanches. Additionally, volcanologists can use inclinometers to record ground shifts in active volcanoes and use data analysis to predict volcanic activities. 

The Different Types of Precision Inclinometers

Inclinometers come in different sizes and shapes, and each type is built to fulfill specific purposes. Here are the different types of inclinometers produced by a manufacturer of angle measuring tools. 

Ball inclinometers. If you are to navigate through the oceans, you will need a ball inclinometer. It's a device used to measure tilts on sailboats and other watercraft. The readings are done by referencing a ball placed inside a bent tube. It's available as a single- or dual-scale ball inclinometer. 

Drum inclinometers. These are rugged instruments made to measure the tilts of an object. This inclinometer is typically graduated from 0° to 180° to 0°. 

Optical inclinometers. Boasting a 360-degree operating range, this type of inclinometer is used primarily for calibration and alignment applications. NIST traceable calibration for optical equipment is recommended.

Vernier inclinometers. This type of clinometer is frequently used to level and align machinery and small platforms. It's a surveying instrument that can read angles in the horizontal plane. 

Pendulum inclinometers. If you are to measure awkward locations, the pendulum inclinometer is the most suitable instrument to use. You can secure the angle reading with the help of an extended Vernier scale, equipped with a magnifier, and a drum-locking component. 

Electronic inclinometers. Powered by a battery, this type of inclinometer has a range of ±45°, with a capacity of reading 0 to 360° angles. It also comes with a built-in calibration for enhanced accuracy. 

Abney levels. Manufacturers of custom alignment telescopes and other precision instruments know just how vital Abney levels are. It's composed of a clinometer and four scales. It is used to get one or a combinations of different slope readings (e.g., degrees, percent of grade, and topographic arc). 

When choosing a precision instrument, you have to consider its measurement range, accuracy, and the number of axes measured. For a more convenient and accurate reading, you should also consider the output type and resolution (or the smallest measurable change in the output).

Calibrating Your Optical Equipment to NIST

Many tools are included in a surveyor's toolkit, from devices that measure distances to angles and custom optical equipment. And for these tools to provide accurate readings, two things are important: first, you should know how to use the tool properly, and second, the instrument itself must be calibrated.

What is Calibration?

Calibration is the process of determining the accuracy of your instrument before using it to measure something. Your instrument will then be configured so that it can provide results that fall within the standard range.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is an organization that aims to advance measurement science in an effort to foster innovation and industrial competitiveness. They provide standards for instrument calibration services for optical equipment like video boresights, observational theodolites, pilot balloon theodolite, a compass for land Surveying and other surveying tools so that users can achieve the highest level of measurement quality.

A business that offers NIST traceable calibration means that they’re capable of calibrating instruments based on the set measurement standards by the NIST.

The Why, The When, and The How

Having accurate measuring tools, especially optical surveying devices is fundamental to being a competent and responsible surveyor. However, for several reasons, surveying tools become inaccurate over time. This can be caused by overuse or mishandling, exposure to corrosive substances, electrical/mechanical shock, or simply natural wear and tear, especially if the tool is frequently used.

This phenomenon is called "gauge drift." And subjecting your tool to calibration is key to addressing this drift.

Without proper calibration, you’ll get errors in your readings. And with inaccurate readings, you’ll analyze the wrong data and will produce inaccurate models, which will serve as the basis of a bigger project. In the long run, this can compromise the durability and the safety of the final output — and the users of that final output (e.g., motorists using a bridge, employees working a commercial building, families residing in a home).

This is why apart from the annual servicing of your tools, calibrating them every two weeks is advised (this frequency depends on how often you’re using the tool). Calibration must also be done when your tool has been exposed to harsh conditions such as electrical/mechanical shocks, and extreme changes in the environment.

But how do you calibrate optical equipment and other surveying tools such as the measuring instruments for nautical applications? The easiest and most cost-effective way is to take them to professionals who offer calibration services that use NIST standards.

The calibration procedure may vary from tool to tool. But in essence, it entails using the tool to test samples of at least one calibrator — the result of which will then be used to establish a relationship between the measuring method of the tool being tested and that of the calibrator. If significant discrepancies are found, the tool will be configured to produce more accurate results, i.e., those that are within the acceptable range.

When looking for a provider of NIST traceable calibration services, confirm that they do conform to industry measurement standards and that they calibrate the specific tools you have. It’s also ideal to tap a provider that offers a quick turnaround time and performs repairs as well.

8 Essential Tools for the Surveyor

Surveying determines the relative positions of natural and man-made features on the earth's surface. It is a critical tool for land management, engineering, construction, and other activities. Without surveying, it would be difficult to develop and manage land resources properly. And in order to survey the land  accurately, efficiently, and safely — surveyors need a variety of tools. From the trusted surveyors compass to devices that measure angles, here are eight essential tools for the surveyor. 

Surveyor’s compass. You may best know the compass as a tool for navigation. However, this handy device is a surveying essential that helps users measure distance. The compass is placed on the ground and the surveyor aligns it with the object they are measuring. Then, they use the scale on the compass to take a reading. Surveyors use compasses to measure everything from property boundaries to even the height of buildings. 

Clinometers. If you ask a manufacturer of angle measuring tools, one of their most in-demand products among surveyors is the clinometer. This measures angles of slopes to determine the elevation of an object. This is a general term that comprises subcategories with more specific functions (e.g. Inclinometers, which measure displacements between the ground and structures that lie underneath it). 

Theodolites and total stations. Theodolites are also used to measure angles, but in the horizontal and vertical planes. They provide more precise readings and are typically part of the so-called total station. Total stations are also equipped with an electronic distance measuring device (EDM) for enhanced accuracy. This also allows surveyors to record electronic data because it has a data collection and storage system. On occasion, custom alignment telescopes may be used for difficult slopes.

Tapes, levels, and rods. This variety precision alignment equipment allow surveyors to take measurements of lengths and distances. A graduated rod (often wooden or aluminum) is typically paired with a levelling instrument to measure the height different between two points or between points above vertical data. To identify points in the ground, surveyors use markers such as pins, stakes, and flags. 

Surveying tripods. An essential tool for the surveyor, the survey tripod is a three-legged stand used to support survey equipment. The tripod provides a stable platform for the surveyor to work from, which is crucial for accurate measurements. The tripod legs can be adjusted to different lengths. 

Magnetic locators. These are used to locate underground utilities, such as water and gas lines. Magnetic locators work by detecting the magnetic field created by these utilities, helping surveyors avoid them when they are doing excavation work. 

3D scanners. Over time, the arsenal of surveyors has become more advanced and sophisticated. One of the most modern devices being used today is the three-dimensional scanner. It can collect data from objects and surfaces more quickly and accurately. It can be used especially in sites with hard-to-reach areas, which minimizes the risk of injuries and accidents. 

Safety equipment. Apart from technical staples like a surveyors compass, surveyors also rely on various transits and levels need to be calibrated or repaired. A quality instrument repair service for survey equipment may also perform NIST traceable calibration. These include high-visibility or reflective clothes, helmet, and appropriate footwear.

Calibration of Precision Instruments to NIST Standards

Precision measurement tools like an alidade and theodolites are used in many industries — from surveying to navigation. While they provide accurate measurements that help users deliver quality charting and distance measurements, their accuracy degrades over time, mainly due to natural wear and tear. However, this can also be caused by external shocks (it can be electrical or mechanical) to the equipment or less than favorable storage conditions. 

This is why performing periodic calibrations is important.

Calibration is the process of comparing a certain instrument to a standard measurement to determine its level of accuracy (or inaccuracy). Necessary repairs are performed afterward to ensure that the precision device is well-calibrated and can indeed provide accurate readings in the future. Experts advise calibrating precision tools as per the recommendations of the manufacturer of precision alignment equipment guidelines. 

In the United States, the National Institute of Standards of Technology (NIST) has set a standard for proper calibration practices. Founded in 1901, it was established to create equitable standards that will help advance measurement science. Its core competencies include measurement science, rigorous traceability, and the development and use of standards. 

Performing A NIST Traceable Calibration

Today, there are instrument companies that don’t just offer precision tools like military boresights, and the nautical alidade for sale that also perform NIST traceable calibration services to help guarantee a device’s accuracy. 

Simply put, an NIST traceable calibration is a calibration performed in accordance with the measurement standards set by NIST. 

In calibration terms, the property of the measurement result is one that "can be related to a reference through a documented unbroken chain of calibrations, each contributing to the measurement uncertainty." In general, the NIST refers to measurement as an "experimental process that produces a value that can reasonably be attributed to a quantitative property of a phenomenon, body, or substance." 

A NIST traceable calibration service can produce different classes of certifications, depending on your requirements (including budget): 

A basic certification that doesn’t contain any reading

A certification that provides readings taken after the calibration

A certification that has readings before and after the calibration is done (this is considered the highest level of calibration certification) 

However, take note that calibration services themselves don’t guarantee that you’ll get the results you want. This is why the NIST is clear in its reports wherein calibration results feature not just measurement values but measurement uncertainties as well. These uncertainties include the environment in which the calibration was done (e.g., temperature, pressure) and other inherent factors in the instrument. 

If you’re a manufacturer of precision alignment equipment or an owner of one, it’s important to select the right calibration partner for your devices. 

Your provider must have comprehensively trained technicians and engineers to perform instrument calibration that adheres to NIST standards. These professionals must be familiar with the different calibration services that the NIST offers (including special tests). Additionally, custom measuring tools for manufacturers also need to adhere to this agency’s policies and procedures. 

Precision Instruments for Measurement: What You Need To Know

Improve your measurement accuracy with more efficient instrumentation. This article delves into the different types of precision instruments from telescope illuminators to inclinometers. 

Inclinometers. Also known as clinometers, are instruments used to measure the angles of a slope. An inclinometer manufacturer would also designs tools to measure the angle of the elevation or depression of an object. An inclinometer is equipped with an accelerometer to measure these angles. The angle is derived from the change of capacitance between a small mass and the elastic support structure where it is suspended. 

Inclinometers are flexible precision tools. They can be incorporated into many other measuring instruments that provide accurate angles-of-elevation and depression readings. The angular measurements can be measured in different units (e.g., degrees, minutes, seconds, or percentages to the level-zero plane). 

Theodolites. When you want to measure horizontal and vertical angles, you’ll also use a theodolite. These devices date back to the early 1900’s, but today there are modern iterations called digital theodolites. It’s composed of a telescope attached to a base. It also has a sight on the top (complete with an objective lens) to help the device align with the target or the object in focus. Electronic screens are used to display the device’s readings. This data can also be stored in an electronic field book. 

Telescope adapters and illuminators. With the help of telescope adapters, cameras can capture images of an object more sharply and precisely. Lenses are attached to the camera body with the help of lens mounts. They help ensure the accuracy of the way lenses are mounted on the body, ultimately, helping the whole device capture images correctly. Meanwhile, telescope illuminators are designed to measure angular separations and guide someone during astrophotography sessions. In telescopes, various eyepieces or oculars are also used to ensure that all components are collimated or aligned. 

Protractors and surveyor’s compasses. These navigational tools can also be used as precision instruments. Surveyors use the three-arm protractor to position three different objects by measuring angles and locations. These are typically used when taking initial calculations and measurements. Compasses, on the other hand, are essential for compass surveying. Used to take angular and linear measurements, they aid surveyors in surveying large areas (e.g. Coastal areas). In particular, a surveyor’s compass is used to measure horizontal angles and identify the magnetic bearing of a line of sight. These are typically found mounted on top of a tripod. 

Gauges. An inclinometer manufacturer would typically offer different gauges that can help with a wide-ranging type of precision instrument that measures physical parameters as well as linearity, pressure, and even sensitivity. All of these precision instruments need to be maintained and calibrated regularly. Warren Knight is a NIST traceable calibration company in Philadelphia that can help keep your instruments in top condition.

Stands and Tripods a Surveyor Uses

Without land surveyors, it will be difficult to properly determine and document property boundaries. This is critical for identifying and protecting land ownership. Without approved boundaries, construction development sites will struggle to meet designer specifications and inspection protocols. 

Needless to say, surveyors perform essential tasks that, when not carried out properly, will have long-term repercussions. Surveyors are tasked to measure distances, angles, locate important land features, prepare maps, establish boundaries, and more. For them to accomplish their duties, they must have a roster of reliable, top-quality surveying equipment. Finding the best survey tripod for sale can be a challenging task if you don’t know where to look. 

Apart from safety gear and proper workwear, here are the different tools and devices that make up a professional land surveyor’s arsenal. Some of the most important tools of surveyors’ help ensure that their equipment is stable on a well-made surveying tripod. 

Mounts. Specialized mounts are used for surfaces where simple bipods or tripods wouldn’t suffice. Surveyors use accessories such as column mounts that provide a stable surface where you can install the instrumentation you need. 

Poles. Modern surveyor poles are made of carbon fiber materials and incorporate technology for easy operation. Such poles can prevent unnecessary movement and rotation. 

Bipods. When mapping, scanning, or surveying, bipods can be essential tools to support and keep equipment steady, especially when placed on uneven ground. They can support equipment such as theodolites, digital levels, slope lasers and more. 

Tripods. Without a tall survey tripod, mount, or pole, a land surveyor’s accuracy and precision can be compromised. These essential tools are needed to secure stable readings. 

Tips To Know When Buying Surveying Tripods

Tripods, mounts, and poles are designed to stabilize a wide variety of surveying equipment. They’re part of the foundation of a surveyor’s quality work. If these stabilizing tools aren’t of good quality or are maintained poorly, they can be the very cause of bad readings. 

This is why many land surveyors who are looking for a survey tripod for sale makes it a point to buy from qualified manufacturers of precision measuring instruments. One of the most important factors to consider is material. Aluminum tripods are popular because they’re durable yet lightweight and budget friendly. They’re also quicker to assemble and are versatile. Another go-to material is wood coated with a protective paint or plastic. They’re not only super stable — they can also withstand various weather conditions. The downside is that they’re heavier than their alumni counterparts. 

Apart from material choice which affects durability, weight, and even portability, land surveyors also pay attention to the tripod’s height. While most of their tasks can be performed with a regular tripod, some work demands taller ones. To address this, surveyors also invest in extra tall tripods. 

A tripods’ cost is also a determining factor. Though it shouldn’t be the sole deciding element, it plays a crucial role. 

Land Surveying Tools of Today & Yesterday

In any land development project, surveying is one of the first important things to undertake. Using tools like a compass for land surveying, a surveyor is tasked to identify three-dimensional location points. By knowing where these points are, together with the angles and distances between them, maps and property boundaries can be produced and determined. 

There are different types of surveying. You can survey land to know the appropriate depth when you’re erecting the foundation of a commercial property. Researchers also use surveying to measure large lands of the planet. 

From then until now, surveyors have relied on various devices to perform their tasks with accuracy and precision. Here are some of the most used land surveying tools of today and yesterday. 

Ropes and human body parts. Have you ever wondered how Egyptians were able to build their world-famous towering pyramids? Thousands of years before businesses that offered custom designs for alignment tools, they were able to build such architectural wonders only with ancient tools. Experts consider the rope one of the most essential measuring tools used by Egyptian surveyors. They also measure things with arms, fingers, and palms. 

Theodolites and transits. In the 19th century and even today, these tools are being used to measure both vertical and horizontal angles. While they perform the same function, surveyors consider theodolites to be more accurate (they can measure an angle to an accuracy of 1/10 of a second). 

Compasses and clinometers. Compass for land surveying is another old tool that’s still widely used by surveyors today. Whether you’re simply orienting your current location on a map or surveying an unchartered territory, compasses are your go-to device. These can also be used to measure distances between two points. Clinometers meanwhile determine the angle of sloped lands. 

Chains and tapes. If the Egyptians before had relied on ropes and human body parts, modern surveyors have chains, tapes, and laser devices to take more accurate measurements. This category of surveying tools comprises various devices that can be used to determine small- and large-scale measurements (e.g. Pocket tapes, fiberglass tape measures). 

Levels. While clinometers are used to measure angles of slopes, levels are utilized to read an elevation and help surveyors identify elevation differences between two points. Today, these levels can be digital or mechanical. 

Prisms and reflectors. Surveyors use prisms, reflectors, optical magnetic mirrors and electronic distance measuring instruments for the precise processing of distances at a comfortable and accessible height. 

Poles and tripods. Levels and prisms are used with tripods. Tripods, mounts, and an engineering staff ensure that surveying tools like levels are stable. Without stability, a surveyor is more prone to take erroneous measurements. 

Magnetic locators. Today, several items like manhole covers, iron pipes, and underground tanks can be found hidden under the visible layers. To determine if metallic obstructions exist under the surface, magnet-equipped locators are needed. With the advancement of technology, modern magnetic locators can now be used to quickly and accurately determine the position of various ferrous materials. 

Safety gear. Suppliers that offer custom designs for incline measurement tools also provide safety gear, which is vital to be part of any surveyor’s arsenal. Surveyors mustn’t only perform their tasks with accuracy, but they should also be mindful of their and other people’s safety. The basic surveying safety kit includes thermal jackets, utility vests, hats, and other protective headwear.

4 Ways Theodolites Help Surveyors

Before construction begins or when someone needs to identify the legal boundaries of a certain property, surveyors use a theodolite to identify the topographic details of a piece of land or determine a structure’s location. Whether they use a theodolite rental or their own, one thing remains the same: Theodolites are essential optical instruments used in surveying. 

What is a Theodolite

Affixed on a compass tripod for stability, a theodolite consists of a telescope eyepiece, a vertical circle, upper and lower plates, the leveling head and a base. The base is used to connect the body to the tripod, while the telescope is responsible for the identification and aligning of an object. 

The use of this instrument in surveying dates back to the 1500s with several vintage theodolite still around today. Today, mechanical theodolites are still used by meteorological professionals. Most theodolites are now digital, featuring a more advanced internal magnifying optical system for better object alignment. 

Equipped with a more accurate measurement mechanism, this device can give you a precise measurement of both horizontal and vertical angles. The data produced by this instrument, which can be stored digitally, can be used to plot the position of an object in a particular area. 

How Theodolites Help Surveyors

With a trusty digital theodolite and a compass tripod in their arsenal, surveyors can carry on their tasks more smoothly. Here’s how theodolites help these professionals. 

They identify the real boundaries of a property. Evaluating the true boundary of a property is important in producing maps and documents such as wills and deeds. It also helps architects, engineers, and other construction personnel to come up with a construction design that will fit in with the land’s topography. Beyond construction, data about property boundaries can ultimately help owners protect their assets against encroachment. 

They can locate an object’s position even if it’s underground. Modern theodolites don’t just measure horizontal and vertical angles. As they can also extend lines between two points on the ground, surveyors can use them to determine and locate obstacles in the way — no matter the size, and whether it’s located above or underground. This is especially critical during a construction project, particularly in the site preparation stage. 

Most store accurate, electronic readings. They can digitally transmit data directly to a laptop computer while using a USB cord or via a Wi-Fi connection. This kind of data availability is very helpful whenever surveyors have to produce property descriptions or when they’re consulted by professionals working in the field of construction or cartography. 

They are essential in enabling professionals to maintain local codes and regulations. The accurate dimension of a piece of land, together with its topographical information, is important in helping professionals make informed decisions. It’s also vital in assuring the safety of a building that’s to be constructed. For instance, through theodolites, surveyors can help assess if the property is in a flood zone. With such critical information, engineers can create a workaround to help you build a structure that won’t be easily damaged by floods. 

Find the Best Theodolites for Sale and Rental

Planning to buy or rent new digital theodolites for your surveying needs? Warren Knight Instrument Company offers the best theodolite for rent and sale. Their wide selection of this optical instruments is known for their top-notch design and accuracy. 

What was a 3 Arm Protractor Used for?

The three arm protractor is one of the best instruments used in determining one’s location. While many professionals today use custom telescopes and other more advanced optical instruments, the 3 arm protractor was helpful in performing surveying tasks back in the day. 

In this article, we cover the possible practical uses of a 3 arm protractor.

What is a 3 Arm Protector

Protractors are instruments used for measuring and plotting angles. The 3 arm protractor consists of a fixed arm plus two other pivotable arms. Also known as a station pointer, this tool’s pivotable arms come with clamps that can be used to set the arms at any particular angle, with the fixed arm as the reference. 

Companies providing repair services for optical instruments also typically supply NIST traceable calibration for optical devices like transits and theodolites. These companies may also calibrate a 3 Arm protractor.

3 Arm Protractor Uses

Three arm protractors were previously heavily used in surveying before modern transits became popular (some opt to still use it today when measuring initial angles). 

From cartography to forensic science to interior design, here are the other uses of this tool: 

Photogrammetry and cartography. Photogrammetry is the science of using photos to calculate measurements. One of the devices used in this branch of science is the 3 arm protractor. From different photos, you can also use this tool to create maps. A 3 arm protractor is especially beneficial in the initial phases of the map-making process. When used with other tools and modern optical devices, accurate maps can be produced. 

Navigation. Businesses that supply navigational instruments know just how important 3 arm protractors can be. Apart from making maps themselves, this tool can be used to plot a course on the map. For instance, a captain of a ship can use this device to help determine their location and lay out the most efficient course that they can take. If they want to mark something interesting on a nautical map and track their movement, tools like the 3 arm protractor can be utilized. 

Forensic science. 3 arm protractors aren’t just useful in surveying and navigation. On the crime scene, members of the forensic team can also be used to measure angles that are critical in analyzing ballistics and bloodstain evidence within the crime scene. Why did blood splatter that way? What’s the angle of impact of a bullet on a certain surface? With such data, forensic experts can effectively recreate a crime scene and gather support for their initial hypothesis. 

Architecture and interior design. Drafting tools are essential in creating initial architectural designs for houses, buildings, and other construction projects. If architects have to make changes to a plan, they can use measuring instruments, which may include a 3 arm protractor, to measure and draw angles. Apart from the architectural element of a structure, this type of protractor can also be used in interior design. To create a functional space, interior designers must leverage their geometric knowledge and pair it with their aptitude for aesthetics. They specifically use 3 arm protractors to make sure that their sketches have proper scale.

Alignment Technology for Structural Engineers and The Military

For a structure or a whole system to function as its designers and engineers envisioned it, alignment is critical. Alignment refers to components’ geometric orientation. Devices such as theodolites assist in ensuring that each component is placed in its proper position. 

Optical alignment tools have several applications. They can be used to monitor bulges and distortions in dams or bridges. They can also be used to measure a building’s sway in the wind or during an earthquake. They also play a vital role in aligning surfaces and radars on ships and aircraft. 

Two of the most popular applications of alignment technology are in structural engineering and the military. 

Alignment in Structural Engineering

In the world of engineering, even a seemingly small error can lead to huge and costly consequences. Structural engineers, in particular, are concerned with proper alignment as it can affect the structural soundness of buildings, bridges and roadways. 

They rely on a number of tools to check if a component has accurate orientation and position. These include precision optical instruments, which provide better accuracy when examining the alignment of an object. For instance, theodolites can be used to measure the vertical and horizontal angles of a particular subject. 

These devices aren’t just helpful in the construction phase of a certain structure. Engineers also use them when monitoring and detecting alignment shifts. For instance, if a truck crosses a bridge, they use alignment tools to check how it impacted the alignment of the components of the said bridge. 

If a dam has become susceptible to base erosion, engineers can also use these instruments to inspect the structure for any distortion. If an earthquake hits a certain area, these tools are helpful in assessing the impact of the sway of a building on its structural integrity. 

Alignment in The Military

Optical alignment tools also have various military applications.

One is surveying and navigation. The telescopic alidade is an optical device that is typically mounted on navy ships to see objects in the distance. Even back in the late 19th century, the earliest iteration of this tool has been helpful in mapping the topographical features of certain areas. 

There are also optical tools designed to make sure that radar system components are manufactured and installed accurately. These rather sensitive components are critical parts that enable radars to accurately determine the range, angle, as well as velocity of approaching or surrounding objects. 

In assembling different structures in a military vehicle, these devices provide that much-needed aid in guaranteeing that various components fit the required position and angle specifications of the design. Military personnel also use these instruments to determine the alignment of a specific structure in relation to the rest of the ship of aircraft. 

There are also optical systems that are used to calibrate rocket artillery and other firearms mounted on military fighting vehicles. Military boresights help check the accuracy of these large guns found on military vehicles. 

But whether it’s for military or structural engineering, the importance of these instruments remains the same: They ensure precise alignment, which can maximize the functionality and lifespan of a structure. Calibration and instrument repair services like Warren Knight can help keep your equipment in tip top shape.

Electronic Meteorological Theodolites for Surveyors and Weather

Primarily used to measure vertical and horizontal angles, theodolites are essential to a surveyor’s arsenal. These devices allow surveyors to determine the position of objects at a given site. Today, traditional and digital theodolites are not only used when conducting topographic surveys. Their range of applications also includes meteorology, or the study of the atmosphere and its phenomena. 

Electrical meteorological theodolites like the pilot balloon theodolite,  are utilized by weather and climate experts to help them predict meteorological phenomena. 

How Theodolites Work

The earliest use of theodolites dates as far back as the 16th century. 

Generally, it is composed of a telescope fixed within a vertical and a horizontal axis. The telescope and the mechanisms are housed on a base, which can further be rotated through a leveling system on a tripod. 

Compared with other leveling devices, theodolites provide great precision upon a first reading (meaning, repeat readings are not necessary). Thanks to their internal magnifying optical system, their measurements are not affected by external factors such as weather elements and ground slope. 

Additionally, the use of digital theodolites helps surveyors obtain more accurate data. Digital readings are also easier and more efficient to work with todays computers 

How Theodolites Help Meteorologists

There are different types of theodolites. As stated, these surveying instruments can be used for meteorological purposes. 

In the field of meteorology, specially manufactured theodolites are utilized to track ceiling or pilot balloons. These special weather balloons are used to determine the height of the base of clouds above ground level. 

This surveying instrument works by using a prism to bend the optical path at a right angle. It is set up so that the altitude and azimuth scales read 0°. When a pilot balloon is released, the theodolite tracks its position every minute. The elapsed time and the balloon’s predetermined rate of ascent, together with azimuth and angular altitude, are used to determine wind direction and speed. 

Apart from pilot balloons, meteorological theodolites can also measure the angles of elevation and azimuth of other moving objects, including aircraft and ships. With good visibility, some devices can capture such measurements even from a distance of 20,000 meters. 

Choosing the Right Meteorological Theodolite

With the aid of a pilot balloon theodolite, meteorologists can determine angles of elevation and azimuth or the direction of a celestial object from a particular observer. It’s also designed to determine wind direction and wind speed given a specific altitude. 

When choosing meteorological theodolites, you have to select a device that can measure objects at great distances. These custom optical instruments are more useful and reliable in predicting atmospheric phenomena. 

You should also look at a few helpful features. For instance, theodolites with an internal illumination system can be advantageous if you’re operating in low-light conditions. Having an automatic power-down feature will also help eliminate unnecessary power drain. 

If a theodolite’s mechanical system can independently operate from its electronic system, it will further allow you to use your tool even when there’s power loss. 

Apart from providing top-quality theodolites, your manufacturers of precision measuring instruments should also provide NIST traceable calibration services to help you maintain your tools cost-effectively and, subsequently, let you perform your job more efficiently.